Photograph of Vijayanagara from the top of Matanga Hill, from the Archaeological Survey of India Collections, c.1880. The view is taken looking north-east towards the gopura of the Virupaksha Temple, with the Tungabhadra River and paddy fields beyond and the Hemakuta hills in the distance. Vijayanagara was founded on the bank of the Tungabhadra River in the 14th century and was the most powerful Hindu kingdom in Southern India until the defeat by the Muslim armies in 1565.
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